基于叶绿素荧光参数的小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量估算方法

叶绿素含量是植物学和农业相关研究领域常用的生理指标。叶绿素含量和叶片光合功能密切相关,但是现有的叶绿素含量的测定方法无法实现叶绿素含量和光合功能的同步测定和关联分析。为解决该问题,本研究通过测定35个小麦品种旗叶的SPAD值和叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线,分别使用不同时间的快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线的荧光值,以及33个常用荧光参数与对应叶片的SPAD值进行相关性分析,建立线性回归模型,并使用室内和大田两组数据对回归模型进行验证。结果表明: 通过叶绿素荧光参数RC/CS_m建立的线性模型能够较好地预测叶片的SPAD值,可以用于非严重逆境胁迫下小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量的估算,从而丰富无损测定小麦叶绿素相对含量的方法,简化试验流程,实现小麦光合功能和叶绿素含量的同步测定与分析。     

利用APSIM模型分析不同播期和耕作方式对旱地小麦籽粒干物质积累的影响

黄土丘陵区旱地小麦籽粒干物质积累的准确模拟可为调控小麦生产提供重要的技术支持。本研究利用甘肃省定西市安定区1971—2017年的气象资料和甘肃省定西市安定区凤翔镇安家沟村2016—2017年的大田试验数据,基于APSIM模型对旱地小麦籽粒干物质积累与分配进行模拟,并在模型验证的基础上,定量分析了播期和耕作方式对小麦籽粒干物质积累的影响。结果表明: 3个播期(早播、正常播、晚播)和4种耕作方式(传统耕作、传统耕作+覆盖、免耕、免耕+覆盖)下,籽粒干物质模拟值与实测值间的均方根误差(RMSE)为57.5～143.1 kg·hm^-2,归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)为1.4%～9.9%,模型模拟精度较高。不同播期下,耕作方式对籽粒干物质积累的促进效果排序均表现为: 免耕+覆盖>传统耕作+覆盖>免耕>传统耕作,免耕+覆盖最有利于小麦籽粒干物质积累,而免耕与传统耕作差异不显著。不同耕作方式下,小麦干物质积累过程均表现为早播好于正常播和晚播,晚播对干物质积累的影响较大,积累过程最不理想。     

当归果翅对种子吸水与发芽进程的影响

研究当归果翅对其种子吸水及发芽进程的影响,旨在为当归规范化栽培提供理论和技术依据。以当归的双悬果果实和去翅种子作为试验材料,对其千粒重、含水量、体积、容重和吸水率进行测定,并在自然室温条件下进行种子发芽试验。结果表明:①当归双悬果去除果翅后,其千粒重减少了46.87%(P<0.01),体积减少了90.78%(P<0.01),容重增加了475.92%(P<0.01),含水量增加了20.15%(P<0.05);②当归果翅抑制了种子吸水吸胀的能力,果翅去除后能在2.48 h内进入稳定期,较去翅前提前了3.38 h,且吸水过程符合逻辑斯蒂方程;③当归果翅对种子发芽具有显著影响,果翅去除后发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数较未去翅种子分别提高了256.7%、12.28%和27.77%,均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。当归双悬果去除果翅后,减小了种子体积和重量,并促进了种子吸水吸胀能力,同时还有效地提高了种子的发芽质量。建议在生产中以去翅种子作为播种材料进行播种。     

左右半结肠癌多组学分子特征差异的研究进展

结肠癌(colon cancer,CC)是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病率和死亡率均占癌症前列。根据解剖学位置,CC可分为左半结肠癌(left-sided colon cancer,LCC)和右半结肠癌(right-sided colon cancer,RCC),两者在临床特征上表现出较大的差异。近些年来,随着生物学技术和测序技术的发展,从多组学角度分析LCC和RCC分子特征和微环境差异的研究也越来越多,从而来揭示患者预后并指导其治疗。该文从基因突变、基因表达、miRNA表达、DNA甲基化、免疫微环境、共识分子亚型以及免疫治疗这几个方面来阐述LCC和RCC在分子特征和治疗差异上的研究进展。     

春兰ב寒香梅’试管开花诱导及其生理基础

以春兰×寒香梅杂交种(Cymbidium goeringii×Cymbidium ‘Han Xiang Mei’)为材料,MS+琼脂4 g·L-1+蔗糖20 g·L-1+椰汁100 mL·L-1为基础培养基,通过单因素试验,探讨细胞分裂素(TDZ/6-BA)和无机盐浓度(P、K)对其试管花诱导的影响,测定花芽诱导的蛋白质、可溶性总糖含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及激素水平(IAA、ABA)。结果表明,添加0.2 mg·L-1 TDZ和2 mg·L-1 6-BA的花芽诱导率最高,分别为14.33%和14.00%;无机盐浓度3P/3K和3P/5K的培养基花芽诱导率较高,分别达16.67%和11.33%;花芽诱导最佳培养基为MS(3P, 3K)+TDZ 0.2 mg·L-1+椰汁100 mL·L-1+琼脂 4 g·L-1+蔗糖20 g·L-1,花芽诱导率可达34%左右。生理生化指标检测显示,可溶性蛋白、可溶性总糖含量及SOD活性与花芽诱导率呈正相关;稳定的内源激素IAA和ABA含量对花芽诱导有一定的积极作用,含量过高对花芽诱导有抑制作用。     

生物学专业动物学实验教学中培养学生解剖技能的探索

动物解剖实验在动物学实验教学中占有重要地位,学生的解剖技能是做好动物解剖实验的基础,也是学生以后从事科学研究和教学的基本素质.结合动物学实验教学实践阐述了动物解剖的基本原则及培养学生解剖技能的方法,以便学生系统理解动物解剖的基本原则和方法.     

Role of the Dinaric Karst (western Balkans) in shaping the phylogeographic structure of the threatened crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium

1. This study examines phylogeography and phylogeny of the threatened stone crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium, in order to elucidate the role of the Dinaric Karst geology in shaping the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of aquatic fauna in the western Balkans. Mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes were partially sequenced from 188 and 159 crayfish, respectively, sampled from 70 localities. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using four methods of phylogenetic inference. Divergence times between phylogroups were estimated in a Bayesian framework, and their demographic history was examined using neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analysis. 2. Seven geographically localised phylogroups separated by pronounced genetic gaps were found. Five of them have a distribution range within the northern‐central Dinaric (NCD) region, while the remaining two include populations from the southern Balkans (SB) and central and south‐eastern Europe (CSE). The oldest divergence event separated two NCD lineages from the rest of populations in the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. Divergences amongst the five NCD phylogroups and SB + CSE occurred in the Pliocene. The most recent split separated SB and CSE phylogroups during the Late Pliocene. For both genes, uncorrected pairwise divergences between most of the phylogroups (4.1–8.7% for COI and 1.6–4.8% for 16S rRNA) were of the same range as, or higher than, some of the interspecific distances previously reported for the genus Austropotamobius. 3. Geographically isolated and deeply divergent cryptic monophyletic phylogroups within A. torrentium in the NCD region arose in the course of intensification of Neotectonic movements during the Pliocene and the beginning of the Pleistocene and the development of karstification that has heavily fragmented the palaeohydrography of the area. The results confirm a gradual north–south expansion of stone crayfish during the pre‐Pleistocene that preceded the rapid northward post‐glacial re/colonisation of central Europe (CSE phylogroup) through the Danube drainage. 4. Austropotamobius torrentium comprises morphologically cryptic but molecularly distinct taxa. Considering the relatively small geographical areas they inhabit, the NCD phylogroups of stone crayfish should be given the highest conservation priority.     

Paenibacillus brassicae sp. nov., isolated from cabbage rhizosphere in Beijing, China

A novel Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile, spore-forming, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, designated strain 112^T, was isolated from cabbage rhizosphere in Beijing, China. The strain was found to grow at 10–40 °C and pH 4–11, with an optimum of 30 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on a fragment of the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 112^T is a member of the genus Paenibacillus. High levels of 16S rRNA gene similarities were found between strain 112^T, Paenibacillus sabinae DSM 17841^T (97.82 %) and Paenibacillus forsythiae DSM 17842^T (97.22 %). However, the DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain 112^T and the type strains of these two species were 10.36 and 6.28 %, respectively. The predominant menaquinone was found to be menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were determined to be anteiso-C_15:0 and C_16:0. The major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and unknown aminophospholipids. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 55.4 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the value of DNA–DNA hybridization, strain 112^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus brassicae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 112^T (= ACCC 01125^T = DSM 24983^T).     

稻草还田方式对双季水稻产量和土壤碳库管理指数的影响

采用田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、稻草切碎全量还田+化肥(SNPK)和稻草全部烧灰还田+化肥(SINPK)4个处理,研究不同稻草还田方式对双季稻产量和土壤碳素形态、碳库管理指数的影响.结果表明:2010—2011年两年四季的水稻平均产量SNPK与SINPK处理基本持平,但均显著高于NPK处理,增幅为5.7%～7.3%.与NPK和SINPK相比,SNPK能显著提高早稻产量,增幅在3.8%～8.8%.与单施化肥和稻草烧灰还田相比,SNPK提高了土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数,总有机碳、活性碳、矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了1.8%～2.0%、5.9%～6.5%、16.0%～41.6%和7.3%～7.8%.土壤碳库管理指数与早、晚稻产量呈显著抛物线关系,相关系数分别为0.999和0.980.SNPK能显著提高翌年早稻产量及土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数.     

温度对亚热带地区常见树种叶片甲烷排放的影响

以亚热带常见树种米槠、木荷、浙江桂、罗浮栲、杉木和柑橘为对象,利用控制试验研究了温度对树木叶片甲烷(CH4)排放的影响.结果表明:当温度在10℃时,供试的6种树木中,仅木荷、柑橘和罗浮栲的叶片排放CH4;温度高于20℃时,所有树木叶片均可排放CH4.温度高于30℃时,叶片排放CH4的平均排放速率(1.010ngCH4·g-1DM·h-1)是10～30℃时平均排放速率(0.255ngCH4·g-1DM·h-1)的3.96倍.增温对柑橘和杉木CH4排放速率的影响显著高于其他4种树木.培养时间对叶片排放CH4速率有显著影响,温度胁迫对树木排放CH4的影响受植物活性的控制.在低温或高温条件下,树木干叶均不能排放CH4.高温胁迫对树木叶片排放CH4有重要影响,全球变暖可能增加植物的CH4排放.